Friends! Romans! Countrymen! Shakespeare said the same thing three times, why can’t we? We often think of repetition in its simplest form, like pop choruses that sing the same lyrics four times. That works great for those songs, but there is a whole world of subtler repetitions that form the core of effective songwriting from Beethoven to John Prine. We’ll explore examples in lyrics, melody, and rhythm, focusing on how to set up patterns and when to break them. Some songwriting experience recommended but not required.